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Special Reports
Textiles and Clothing in Eastern Europe: Market at a Crossroads

Published in October 1991

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Table of Contents
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List of Tables   

  • 1.1 Country data: land area, population and share employed in industry, 1989
  • 3.1 Estimates of GNP 1990
  • 3.2 Growth in net material product, 1981-90
  • 3.3 Proportion of employees by sector, 1987
  • 3.4 Selected output data for industry and agriculture, 1987-88
  • 3.5 Selected efficiency indicators in industry, 1981-89
  • 3.6 Exports from Comecon countries, 1987
  • 3.7 Distribution of CMEA exports by commodity group, 1987
  • 3.8 Imports into Comecon countries, 1987
  • 3.9 Debt in Eastern Europe, 1989
  • 3.10 Exchange rates, 1989-90
  • 3.11 Exchange rates, 1991
  • 4.1 Shares of the East European textile and clothing industries in gross industrial output, 1988
  • 4.2 Change in gross output in the East European Textile and clothing industries, 1970-88
  • 4.3 Soviet and world cotton production, 1980/81-1990/91
  • 4.4 Production of bast flax in Eastern Europe, 1985-87
  • 4.5 Bast hemp production in Eastern Europe, 1985-87
  • 4.6 East European production of raw wool, 1985-87
  • 4.7 Man-made fibre production in Eastern Europe, 1985-97
  • 4.8 East European cotton industry capacities, 1989
  • 4.9 Distribution of the world's loom stock by region, 1989
  • 4.10 Mill consumption of textile fibres in European CMEA, countries, 1987
  • 4.11 East European trade balances in textiles and clothing, 1987
  • 4.12 Fibre consumption, foreign trade and domestic consumption by fibre type, East European countries, 1987
  • 4.13 OECD textile and clothing imports from the CMEA region, 1975-87
  • 4.14 Ranking of CMEA countries according to fibre consumption and exports to the OECD, 1987
  • 4.15 OECD total textile and clothing imports from selected developing countries, 1975 and 1987
  • 5.1 Bulgaria's exports by main category, 1987
  • 5.2 Share of Bulgaria's textile and clothing industries in the value of gross industrial output, 1970-88
  • 5.3 Change in gross output of Bulgarian textile and clothing industries, 1970-89
  • 5.4 Output of selected goods in the Bulgarian textile and clothing industries, 1970-89
  • 5.5 Fibres consumed by the Bulgarian textile industry, 1985 and 1990
  • 5.6 Quantity of yarn used in Bulgaria per m2 of grey cloth, 1970-88
  • 5.7 Bulgarian production of cotton, 1970-89
  • 5.8 Bulgarian wool production, 1970-88
  • 5.9 Production of man-made fibres in Bulgaria, 1970-89
  • 5.10 Stock of fixed capital in the Bulgarian textile and clothing industries, Dec 31, 1980 and 1988
  • 5.11 Indices of investments in the Bulgarian textile and clothing industries, 1985-90
  • 5.12 Average number of shifts worked in the Bulgarian textile and clothing industries, 1970-88
  • 5.13 Bulgarian spinning and weaving output and productivity, 1970-88
  • 5.14 Number of employees in the Bulgarian textile and clothing industry, 1980-89
  • 5.15 Distribution of manufacturing costs in Bulgaria, 1980-89
  • 5.16 Bulgarian retail sales of selected goods, 1970-89
  • 5.17 Exports of the Bulgarian textile and clothing industries, 1980-89
  • 5.18 Bulgarian exports of selected products by volume, 1980-89
  • 6.1 Percentage shares of consumption and accumulation in Czechoslovakian distributed national income, 1970-89
  • 6.2 Change in Czechoslovakia's net material product, 1983-91
  • 6.3 Shares of individual sectors in Czechoslovakia's net material product, 1970-89
  • 6.4 Czechoslovakian employment by sector, 1970-88
  • 6.5 Share of the Czechoslovakian textile and clothing industries in industrial production value, 1970-88
  • 6.6 Growth of Czechoslovakian industrial production, 1960-88
  • 6.7 Change in Czechoslovakia's gross industrial output, 1971-91
  • 6.8 Size distribution of Czechoslovakian companies by number of employees, 1988
  • 6.9 Czechoslovakian imports of the main fibre types, 1970-89
  • 6.10 man-made fibre production per head in selected countries, 1970 and 1988
  • 6.11 Imports of the main basic materials of the Czechoslovakian textile industry, 1975-88
  • 6.12 Trends in investment in the Czechoslovakian textile industry, 1980-88
  • 6.13 Investment in the Czechoslovakian textile and clothing industries, 1970-89
  • 6.14 machinery installed in the Czechoslovakian cotton textile industry, 1976-87
  • 6.15 Average number of shifts worked in the Czechoslovakian textile and clothing industries, 1980-88
  • 6.16 numbers employed in the Czechoslovakian textile and clothing industries, 1960-89
  • 6.17 Average wages in the Czechoslovakian textile and clothing industries, 1980-89
  • 6.18 Productivity in the Czechoslovakian textile and clothing industries, 1980-89
  • 6.19 Output of the Czechoslovakian textile industry by main products, 1970-89
  • 6.20 Value of domestic consumption in Czechoslovakia, 1975-89
  • 6.21 Sales of main clothing products in the Czechoslovakian domestic market and their share in total domestic consumption, 1975-89
  • 6.22 Leading Czechoslovakian textile and clothing imports, 1975-88
  • 6.23 Czechoslovakia's main textile and clothing exports by product, 1980-88
  • 6.24 Czechoslovakian foreign trade in textiles and clothing by export destination and import source, 1980
  • 6.25 Trends in Czechoslovakian textile and clothing trade, 1980-88
  • 6.26 Czechoslovakian textile and clothing exports to selected OECD countries, 1987-88
  • 7.1 East German production of selected textile and clothing products, 1955-89
  • 7.2 Share of the textile and clothing industries in total East German industrial output, 1982-89
  • 7.3 Relative growth in the East German textile industry, 1981-89
  • 7.4 Output of selected products in the East German textile and clothing industries, 1980-89
  • 7.5 East German imports of selected natural fibres, 1960-89
  • 7.6 East German production of man-made fibres, 1960-89
  • 7.7 Sources and consumption of man-made fibres in East Germany, 1987
  • 7.8 East German man-made fibre companies and products, 1990
  • 7.9 Capital investment in East Germany's textile industry, 1970-89
  • 7.10 Structure of investment in the East German textile industry, 1986-88
  • 7.11 Production of spinning and weaving machines in East Germany, 1950-89
  • 7.12 Average employment in East Germany's textile and clothing industries, 1970-89
  • 7.13 Number of shifts worked in the East German textile industry, 1985-88
  • 7.14 Productivity trends in the East German textile and clothing industries, 1981-89
  • 7.15 Monthly earnings in the East German textile industry, 1982-89
  • 7.16 East German retail trade in textiles and clothing by groups of products, 1980-88
  • 7.17 Expenditure by East German households on textiles and clothing as a proportion of total consumption, 1960-89
  • 7.18 East German domestic retail sales of selected articles, 1970-88
  • 7.19 East German exports and imports of selected goods, 1970-88
  • 8.1 Structure of Hungary's imports by commodity, 1988
  • 8.2 Structure of Hungary's exports by commodity, 1988
  • 8.3 Hungary's main trading partners, 1988
  • 8.4 Shares of Hungary's gross production by industry sector, 1989
  • 8.5 Trends in gross production value in the Hungarian textile and clothing industries, 1960-85
  • 8.6 Output of the Hungarian textile and clothing industry by selected items, 1938-90
  • 8.7 Annual changes in Hungarian textile and clothing production, 1986-90
  • 8.8 Share of textiles and clothing in Hungary's manufacturing output, 1960-89
  • 8.9 Shares by sector of output and employment in Hungary's textile industry, 1960-89
  • 8.10 Company and plant structure in Hungary's textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 8.11 The role of industrial cooperatives in the Hungarian textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 8.12 Trends in Hungarian textile and clothing production by main products, 1980-89
  • 8.13 man-made fibre consumption trends in Hungary's textile industry, 1970-88
  • 8.14 materials consumption in the Hungarian textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 8.15 Hungarian imports of textile raw materials, 1980-89
  • 8.16 Use of modern technologies in Hungary's spinning weaving sectors, 1960-88
  • 8.17 Trends in the number of manual employees in the Hungarian textile and clothing industries, 1960-89
  • 8.18 Average monthly earnings of manual workers in Hungary's textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 8.19 Indices of production value per employee in the Hungarian textile and clothing industries, 1989
  • 8.20 Distribution of profit by sector in the Hungarian textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 8.21 Price changes in Hungarian textiles and clothing, 1987-91
  • 8.22 Structure of sales by the Hungarian textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 8.23 Share of clothing in Hungarian textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 8.24 Retail price increases in Hungary, 1985-89
  • 8.25 Number of private retail clothing outlets in Hungary, 1970-89
  • 8.26 Hungarian imports of main ready-to-wear clothing products, 1980-89
  • 8.27 Estimated average shares of imports in Hungarian retail sales, 1986-88
  • 8.28 Hungary's textile and clothing trade by main markets and sources, 1988
  • 8.29 Structure of Hungary's textile and clothing exports by product, 1980-89
  • 8.30 Hungary's main textile and clothing export markets by product, 1988-89
  • 8.31 International production cooperation agreements with Hungarian textile and clothing firms, 1988
  • 8.32 1991 advertisement by Hungarian textile and clothing companies seeking partnerships with western firms
  • 8.33 Ownership structure of Styl Rt, 1991
  • 9.1 Gross industrial production in Poland's state and cooperative sectors, 1950-88
  • 9.2 Aggregate structure of the Polish economy, 1978 and 1988
  • 9.3 Employment structure in Poland, 1980 and 1988
  • 9.4 Structure of Poland's imports and exports, 1988
  • 9.5 Poland's changing trade partners, 1981 and 1988
  • 9.6 Polish spinning and weaving capacities, 1936-60
  • 9.7 Polish production of main textile products and consumption of fabric in clothing, 1937-60
  • 9.8 Polish production of main textile products and consumption of fabric in clothing, 1970
  • 9.9 Polish textile and clothing exports, 1960 and 1970
  • 9.10 Annual average growth in the Polish textile and clothing industries, 1976-88
  • 9.11 Output of the Polish textile and clothing industries by main products, 1979-89
  • 9.12 Structure of the Polish textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 9.13 Fibre demand in the Polish textile industry, 1985 and 1990
  • 9.14 Fibre production in Poland, 1979-89
  • 9.15 Polish foreign trade in man-made fibres, 1985 and 1988
  • 9.16 Synthetic dyestuffs produced in Poland, 1970-89
  • 9.17 Poland's foreign trade in dyestuffs, 1985 and 1988
  • 9.18 Poland's main textile import items, 1988
  • 9.19 Investments in the Polish textile and clothing industries, 1970-89
  • 9.20 Gross value of fixed assets in the Polish textile and clothing industries, 1985 and 1988
  • 9.21 Share of buildings and machinery in total investment in the Polish textile clothing industries, 1987-89
  • 9.22 Employment in the Polish textile and clothing industries, 1985-89
  • 9.23 Number of shifts worked in the Polish textile industry, 1970 and 1988
  • 9.24 Share of material costs in total costs in Poland's textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 9.25 Production of cotton yarn per machine hour in the Polish textile industry, 1970-88
  • 9.26 Average yarn counts in the Polish textile industry, 1970-88
  • 9.27 Productivity in the Polish fabric manufacturing sector, 1970-88
  • 9.28 Shares of individual product groups in Polish retail trade, 1970-89
  • 9.29 Shares of spending on clothing and footwear in different types of Polish households, 1985 and 1988
  • 9.30 Textiles' share in total exports and imports at current prices, 1981-88
  • 9.31 Polish exports and imports of textile and clothing products, 1980-88
  • 9.32 Polish exports of selected textile and clothing goods, 1988
  • 9.33 Leading markets for Poland's textile and clothing exports, 1988
  • 9.34 Shares by country of Polish joint ventures, Mar 31, 1990
  • 10.1 Sources of Romania's net material product, 1980 and 1987
  • 10.2 Growth and share of the Romanian textile and clothing industries, 1965-88
  • 10.3 Production in Romania of main textile and clothing products, 1970-89
  • 10.4 Trends in Romanian production of man-made fibres, 1970-87
  • 10.5 Investments in the Romanian textile and clothing industries, 1970-87
  • 10.6 Fixed assets in Romania's textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 10.7 Shares of open end rotors and shuttleless weaving machines in Romania's cotton textile industry, 1976-87
  • 10.8 Employment in Romania's textile and clothing industries, 1970-85
  • 10.9 Trends in labour productivity in Romania's textile and clothing industries, 1980-88
  • 10.10 Trends in retail sales in Romania, 1971-85
  • 10.11 Indices of consumer prices in Romania, 1975-85
  • 10.12 Romanian retail trade in textile industry products, 1970 and 1980
  • 10.13 Main export items of the Romanian textile and clothing industries, 1970-85
  • 10.14 Exports to Western markets of selected Romanian clothing items, 1987
  • 10.15 Romania's textile and clothing exports to OECD countries, 1975-87
  • 10.16 Shares by country of foreign capital in Romanian joint ventures, Apr 1 1991
  • 11.1 Sectoral shares of Soviet net material product, 1989
  • 11.2 Structure of Soviet industry by sector, 1989
  • 11.3 Soviet exports of selected goods, 1989
  • 11.4 Soviet imports of selected goods, 1989
  • 11.5 The Soviet Union's share in world textile and clothing production, 1986
  • 11.6 Soviet textile and clothing production, selected items, 1940-89
  • 11.7 Soviet textile and clothing production indices by sector, 1985-88
  • 11.8 Number of industrial companies in the Soviet textile industry, 1982-86
  • 11.9 Share of Soviet cotton production used for domestic consumption, 1980/81-1988/89
  • 11.10 Use of imported cotton in Soviet consumption, 1980/81-1988/89
  • 11.11 Soviet wool and linen production, 1970-89
  • 11.12 Soviet production of man-made fibres, 1985 and 1988
  • 11.13 Soviet production of textile and clothing machinery and equipment, 1970-90
  • 11.14 Production capacities in the Soviet textile industry, 1987
  • 11.15 Fixed capital in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1985-89
  • 11.16 Breakdown of fixed capital in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1989
  • 11.17 Growth of fixed capital per employee in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1980-88
  • 11.18 Costs of major repairs in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1985-89
  • 11.19 Capital investments in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1970-89
  • 11.20 Wear and tear in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1980 and 1989
  • 11.21 Number of shifts worked in the Soviet textile industry, 1970-88
  • 11.22 Machine productivity in the Soviet textile industry, 1970-88
  • 11.23 Employment in Soviet industry by job level, 1960-85
  • 11.24 Number of apprentices in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1980-88
  • 11.25 Labour productivity in the Soviet textile and clothing industries. 1985-89
  • 11.26 Average monthly wages of industrial employees in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1970-89
  • 11.27 Cost breakdown in the Soviet textile and clothing industries, 1988
  • 11.28 Soviet Union: retail sales of selected textile and clothing goods, 1970-89
  • 11.29 Soviet Union: retail prices of selected textile and clothing items, 1970-89
  • 11.30 Soviet exports and imports of textiles and textile industry equipment, 1960-88
  • 11.31 Soviet trade in textiles and clothing with the EC, 1986-89
  • 12.1 Eastern Europe's shares of EC and Efta textile imports, 1965-86
  • 12.2 Specific import prices of textiles imported in bulk by West Germany, 1988
  • 12.3 Specific import prices of made-up products imported in bulk by West Germany, 1988
  • 12.4 Industrial hourly wages (including allowances), selected countries 1988
  • 12.5 International labour cost comparisons in spinning and weaving, 1980-90
  • 12.6 Factory production costs in the clothing industry, selected countries, 1990
  • 12.7 EC customs tariffs applied to imports of textiles and clothing articles from Easter Europe, 1988
  • 12.8 Estimated effects of trade liberalisation on EC imports of selected products from East and South European countries, 1980 and 1985
  • 13.1 Fibre availability per head, 1975-87
  • 14.1 Creditworthiness ratings of East European countries, 1990-91
  • 14.2 Comparative investment climates in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, 1991
  • 14.3 Clothing in Eastern Europe: production and market potential
  • A.1 EC quotas restricting East European textile and clothing exports, 1991
  • A2 EC outward processing (OPT) quotas restricting East European textile and clothing exports, 1991
  • A3 Quotas under MFA bilateral agreements on exports of East European textiles and clothing to the USA, 1990-91